Intermolecular Bonding Essay

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of electrons involved in the formation of (a) sodium chloride and
(b) calcium fluoride. Each atom forms an ion with an outer shell containing
eight electrons.

For many elements, compounds cannot be formed by the production of ions, since
the energy released in the formation of the lattice of ions would be
insufficient to overcome the energy required to form the ions would be
insufficient to overcome the energy required to form the ions in the first place.
In order for the atoms to achieve a noble gas configuration they must use
another method of bonding by the process of electron sharing. From figure 2, you
can see that the example of two hydrogen atoms combing. As the atoms get closer
together, each electron experiences an attraction towards the two nuclei and the
electron density shifts so that the most probable place to find the two
electrons is between the two nuclei. Effectively each atom now has a share of
both the electrons. The electron density between the two nuclei ...

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also very strong types of dipole-dipole
interactions called Hydrogen bonds. Evidence for the existence of such
intermolecular forces lies in the properties of hydrides formed by element in
groups 4,5,6 and 7. While all the hydrides formed in group 5 behave in a similar
way, the hydrides of other groups do not. This suggest that the intermolecular
forces in these hydrides are much stronger than expected compared with other
hydrides of the other elements in each group. This type of intermolecular
bonding occurs in two molecules that each contain a polar bond between hydrogen
and another atom.

Figure 3

The variation in boiling points of the hydrides of groups IV, V, VI and VII.

The forces ...

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