Italy

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Italy collapsed as
increased attacks fr om Germanic tribes weakened the empire. Byzantine rule
collapsed in 572 when the Lombards invaded.
In the 400's and 500's the popes increased their influence in both
religious and political matters in Italy and elsewhere. The popes were usually
the ones who made attempts to protect Italy from foreign invasion or to soften
foreign rule. The popes for almost 200 years had opposed attempts by the
Lombards, who controlled most of Italy, to take over Rome. The popes defeated
the Lombards with the aid of two Frankish kings, Charlemagne and Pepin the Short.
The papal states were created out of land won for the popes by Pepin.
From the 10th century on, Italian cities began to grow rapidly and
became increasingly independent of one another. They flourished because of
their access to the Mediterranean trade routes and almost had a complete
monopoly on all spice and silks coming into Europe. They became centers of
political life, foreign trade ...

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south.
More than two thirds of Italy's population reside in cities. Most live
in large, concrete apartment buildings. A few of the more wealthy people live
in single-family homes. The oldest sections of an Italian city are made up o
low buildings that have apartments around a central courtyard. Newer parts of
the city often have larger apartment buildings. Poor neighborhoods are usually
found on the outskirts of the city.
Most unmarried children live with their parents. Parents often help an
adult son or daughter purchase an apartment near their own. Many young women
work outside the home, and grandparents often help care for the children of
working mothers. Many urban areas ...

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