Cognition and Memory

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Deese gave participants lists of words to remember that all converged around a missing, critical, word. For example, a sample list of Dresses may have consisted of thread, sew, point, thimble, and injection. When participants were asked to recall the list, they commonly and erroneously recall the converging word (needle, in this case). This procedure soon became known as the Deese, Roediger, and McDermott (DRM) procedure. Seamon et al. sought to determine which of several theories could account for this phenomenon, the implicit-activation response hypothesis, the activation-monitoring approach, or the fuzzy-trace theory.
Seamon et al. attempted to determine if participants in the DRM procedure showed thought of non-presented critical words that were not presented in the study. Further, the authors attempted to determine if participants confused these non-presented words (called critical words hereafter) with words that were presented in the study.
They created two ...

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