Nature Versus Nurture On Cognitive And Intellectual Development

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1. Sensory-motor Stage. Age 0- 2 years.

The most striking characteristic of human thinking during this stage is its solid basis in action. Each time the child reaches for an object, sucks on a nipple or crawls along the floor she is obtaining varied feedback about her body and its relationship to the environment that becomes part of her internal schemes. It is mainly the non-verbal stage, the baby making known her needs by crying or shouting, During this stage the baby learns through sight, sound, touch, smell and taste to recognize objects- first her own fingers and hands and feet. She then begins to realize that objects moved from her sight are still there and will return- object permanence. She learns relationships between means and ends- pushes aside a barrier to get a toy. She learns to coordinate perceptual and motor functions- seeing objects and then grabbing them.

Stage 2. Pre-conceptual Stage. Age 2 - 7 years.

The key feature of this stage is the child's ...

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scaffolds that reflect their culture.

Intelligence is considered the ability to reason logically, speak fluently, solve problems, learn efficiently and display an interest in the world at large. It is still difficult to define intelligence and even more so to test it. The history of intelligence testing has gone through a lot of changes and scrutiny. Most tests assess the kinds of thinking that people do in the academic setting as opposed to common sense testing. This has caused many criticisms since the tests were biased towards those who were exposed to and had access to a certain kind of academic training. Howard Gardner's theory of Multiple Intelligences has helped to expand our ...

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