Phobias and Addiction

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stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus and conditioned response. The unconditioned stimulus or “US”, is an occurrence which causes an innate, involuntary response or reaction. When someone smells a favorite food cooking they most oftentimes begin to feel hungry; in this scenario the unconditioned stimulus, is the aroma of the food. The feeling of hunger in relation to the aroma of the food is referred to as the unconditioned response or “UR”; once again, the term unconditioned means that this is a naturally occurring reaction which has not been learned by the individual who experiences the feelings of hunger.
“Learning refers to any enduring change in the way an organism responds based on its experience. Learning theories assume that experience shapes behavior that learning is adaptive and that only systematic experimentation can uncover laws of learning. Principles of association are fundamental to most accounts of learning” (Kowalski, & Westen, 2009). Basically; ...

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to make an association between their actions and the consequences which follow. Behaviors are learned by performing everyday activities and by being rewarded for these activities; individuals go to work every day because they know they will be rewarded with a paycheck, children try to do well in school because they know they will be rewarded with praise and good grades. Conversely, individuals who exhibit unacceptable behaviors and perform objectionable actions are reprimanded according to the severity of their behaviors, i.e. if someone commits murder they are sent to prison, if a college student cheats on an exam, they may be suspended from classes. Promising rewards for appropriate ...

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