US History

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causes
Female progressives often justified their reformist political activities on the basis of - their being essentially an
extension of women's traditional roles as wives & mothers (their "sphere" - the "cult of domesticity")
Early 20th century muckrakers & their targets:
David G, Phillips - Corruption in the US Senate in Cosmopolitan in 1906 p.666
Ida Tarbell - Standard Oil Co. in McClure's in 1904 p.666 (Her father was run out of the oil business by Rockefeller)
Lincoln Steffens - corruption of city gov't in "The Shame of the Cities" in McClure's in 1902 p.666
Ray Stannard Baker - conditions of Af-Am's in Following the Color Line in 1908 p.667
*John Spargo - child labor in The Bitter Cry of the Children in 1906 p.667
Lincoln Steffens in a series of articles (for McClure's magazine) entitled "The Shame of the Cities"
- unmasked corrupt alliance b/t big business & municipal gov't (local city gov't)
The muckrakers signified much about the nature of ...

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the people had lost to the "interests," progressives advocated all of the following:
- Initiative (propose laws w/out legislators - like propositions), referendum (vote on laws for final approval like voting on propositions), & recall (vote to recall poor officials from positions such as CA Gov. Gray Davis) p.667
- Direct election of US senators p.667 (state legislatures used to appoint US senators - so they were really owned by trusts) {This will eventually lead to the 17th Amendment which allows for direct election of US senators}
All were prime goals of earnest progressives:
- direct election of US senators, prohibition (for many but probably not all ...

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